Canada’s gross domestic product unexpectedly contracted for the second consecutive time to trigger talk of recession , but some economists don’t think the situation is as dire as the headline number suggests.

The economy shrank 0.1 per cent annualized in the first quarter following a contraction of one per cent in the fourth quarter last year, Statistics Canada said on Friday.

Economists and the Bank of Canada had expected the economy to expand 1.5 per cent in the quarter.

Despite the negative GDP surprise, markets are still pricing in a rate cut in 2026.

Here’s what the GDP data mean for the economy and the Bank of Canada.

‘Negative terrain’: Rosenberg Research

“This was not just back-to-back real GDP contractions, but three quarters in the past four and taking the year-over-year trend slightly into negative terrain,” David Rosenberg , president of Rosenberg Research & Associates Inc., said in a note on Friday.

Recessions typically arrive alongside year-over-year negative growth, he said, and job losses and rising unemployment are adding to the economic headwinds.

“It was particularly disappointing to have seen that negative headline given the consensus forecast was 1.5 per cent annualized (GDP),” he said.

Rosenberg singled out the big declines in business investment, the housing sector and consumer spending on durable goods. Government of Canada spending fell 2.4 per cent.

The “only silver lining,” he said, was an increase in business capital expenditures and Statistics Canada’s forecast for GDP in April to rebound from March.

“Interest rate cuts and not hikes should be foremost on the Bank of Canada’s mind,” he said. “From a demand standpoint, there was nothing at all inflationary about this broad economic report.”

‘Sour result’: BMO

“While there will be plenty of debate over whether this constitutes a recession (we would say ‘no, not really’), there is little debate that the economy has struggled to make any headway over the past year amid the ongoing trade conflict,” Douglas Porter, chief economist at BMO Economics, said in a note.

He said much of the first-quarter decline was due to a 2.4 per cent drop in federal government spending, which is something he doesn’t expect to continue.

He said consumer spending rose 1.5 per cent quarter over quarter and was up two per cent quarter over quarter, but it’s hard to say if that will hold up in the second quarter given the elevated price of gasoline.

Porter also said much of the GDP weakness can be traced to a 4.1 per cent drop in exports, a 3.6 per cent decrease in business investment in manufacturing and equipment and a 3.3 per cent decline in housing, with the first two areas feeling the effects of the trade war with the United States the most.

He said he is looking for a rebound in business investment if Canada gains some clarity on the trade.

“There’s no sense sugar-coating this sour result, as the economy has clearly been struggling to grow since the start of the trade war,” he said. “Overall, this should really throw a wet blanket on rate-hike talk, as the economy is in no condition to deal with higher rates.”

Little consumer ‘ammunition’ left: CIBC

Canada’s economic growth was downgraded from the second quarter of 2025 through the fourth quarter, signalling it “was worse off in the post-tariff environment than thought,” Katherine Judge, an economist at CIBC Capital Markets, said in a note.

For example, annualized GDP was revised down in the final quarter of last year to minus one per cent from minus 0.6 per cent.

She said the sharp fall in spending on services can be attributed to higher gasoline prices and a weak job market. Spending on durable goods such as appliances and furniture also fell, as did spending on vehicles.

Furthermore, the household savings rate dropped to its lowest level in two years, Judge said, “which doesn’t bode well for consumption in the coming quarter, along with no growth in real disposable incomes for the quarter.”

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She said Canada’s GDP was “very weak from most angles” and showed consumers have little “ammunition” left for future spending.

However, she expects the Bank of Canada to hold rates at its June 10 meeting given Statistics Canada’s estimate for a rebound in GDP in April.

“Our base case also assumes progress towards reducing some tariffs (namely, aluminum and possibly steel) in the coming months, and if the oil price shock starts to fade over that period as well, GDP will return to sustainable growth for the rest of the year,” she said.